All humans
living on earth today belong to the same species or subspecies Homo sapiens
sapiens.
The
diversity of humans is particularly evident within the populations. The
populations differ genetically only slightly. The externally conspicuous
features (eg skin color) develop in adaptation to certain environmental and
climatic conditions.
Although
all people living today belong to the same species of Homo sapiens and even the
same subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens, no human being is exactly like another.
But there are similarities that are typical of people in certain geographic
regions. These probably evolved at or after the end of the last Ice Age,
probably due to isolation (geographical, social, cultural) and different
eligibility conditions, eg. B. Intensity of solar radiation.
This is
why people nowadays speak of geographical groups of people (geographic large
groups) or typological categories, since the genetic basis for a division into
races, as it used to be in the past, is inadequate.
Population
differentiation in human groups or typological categories is the result of
immigration from Africa ("Africa Hypothesis") with the colonization
of North and South Asia (about 50 000 years ago), of Europe (about 35 000 years
ago) and of America (15 000 to 30 000 years ago).
Similarities and differences of
people living today
All people
living today descend from the glacial modern man and agree on the essential
characteristics, such as the basic similarity in the construction and function
of the skeleton, the musculature, the brain and the entire metabolism. They are
all equally capable of high physical and mental performance. They are fertile
among each other and give fertile offspring to the world.
Coincidentally
are the duration of pregnancy, numerous essential blood and serum properties,
the number and structure of the chromosomes.
One of the
main differences is certainly the skin color. It is considered a hereditary and
environmentally independent feature of certain population groups.
The shape
of the eyes and the width of the nose as well as the condition of the head hair
were probably subject to natural selection by environmental factors and
climatic conditions.
Some representatives of people
living today
Representatives
of the Europids inhabit all of Europe, North Africa and South Asia. For this
reason, their characteristics vary, eg. For example, the skin color from light
to brown, the hair from wavy to smooth, light to dark. The mostly narrow face
has a protruding nose, thin lips and a high forehead.
Representatives
of the Mongolids are characterized among other things by a yellowish skin
color, black and smooth hair, flat face, emphasized zygomatic arches and a
narrow eyelid column. They include some Asian peoples, but also the Inuit
(Arctic peoples). As a rule, they are stocky and short-lived. They are adapted
to different climatic conditions, their differentiation took place in the Asian
region.
Representatives
of the Negrides are characterized by a dark, pigment-rich skin, black and
frizzy hair, a broad and low nose shape and strong, bulging lips. They include
numerous peoples of the African continent. They are well adapted to the
tropical conditions of Africa.
Mixing of people
At present
and in the future, there is a process opposite to feature differentiation, an
increasing mixture of people from different geographic areas and cultures. This
process does not adversely affect the offspring, as some scientists have
initially accepted, except for personal disadvantages from other people with
certain unjustified prejudices. It is often no longer possible to assign people
to specific groups.
Often
attempts have been made in the past to establish an inequality of
"races". Even in the present we encounter such unscientific and
anti-human interpretations. Fortunately, they are being pushed back more and
more today.
The
existing physical and psychological differences between representatives of
different geographical groups in no way entitle to an assessment. Racial
ideology with its anti-human consequences is devoid of all biological
foundations and is therefore to be strongly condemned.
Differences
that are still present in the "civilization level" can not be traced
back to biotic but to social causes.
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